How Did Harriet Tubman Change The World - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 648 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/06/10 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Harriet Tubman Essay Did you like this example? Every great dream begins with a dreamer. Always remember you have within you the strength, the patience, and the passion to reach for the stars to change the world. this is a quote by Harriet Tubman. Early life for Harriet Tubman was horrible because she was born a SLAVE. Now how did Harriet tubman change the world well she did so much, but heres one she got rights for african americans. Now how did harriet Tubman accomplish her dream or goal. Well she freed thousands of slaves. Early Life: Harriet Tubman was born a slave in Maryland and born around 1820 to 1821. Harriet Tubmans real name was Araminta Ross but she used her mothers name instead. Harriet Tubman also lived in a one room cabin with eleven children. When six Harriet was taken to another family and had to take care of a baby. Harriet was Sometimes Beaten and could only eat table scraps. Then Harriet Tubman had some jobs on the plantation. Such as plowing the fields and loading produce into wagons. Harriet Tubman became strong doing manual labor like hauling logs and driving oxan. Then when she was thirteen Harriet Tubman got horrible head injury. And you might ask how well Harriet Tubman went to town and went inside of a countryside store and a slave owner tried to through a two pound weight from the storekeeperrs scales at his slave but missed him and hit Harriet instead and it almost Killed her and it caused her head dizzy spells ( Dizzy spell are when you get light headed and you have to sit down if not yo u will fall down.) and blackouts for the rest of her life. ( Blackout are when you completely blackout so you basically passout.) After Harriet Tubman learned there were states that slavery was OUTLAWED! Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How Did Harriet Tubman Change The World" essay for you Create order Changing the World: Slaves escaped the North Underground Railroad. But the underground railroad was not a real railroad it was a number of safe homes for slaves called stations it would help hide slaves as they travelled up north. Whoever helped the slaves go to station to station they were called conductors they would help them until they reached the north. In 18445 Harriet Tubman decided to escape through the underground railroad. After a long and scary ride Harriet Tubman made it to Pennsylvania and was finally free. In 1850 the fugitive slave act passed.this meant that slaves could be taken from free states and returned to their owner. What you had to do to be free was that you had to escape through Canada and Harriet Tubman wanted to help others escape to Canada including her family. So she became an underground railroad conductor and became a famous one. Harriet Tubman led nineteen different escapes from the south and helped around 300 slaves to escape and became known as Moses. Harriet Tubman led her people to freedom and she was brave and she helped her mother and father escape to, and Harriet Tubman NEVER lost a slave and never got caught. Harriet Tubman also helped in the Civil War she helped wounded soldiers and was a spy for the North she also helped the Military campaign and led to rescue over seven hundred fifty slaves. After war Harriet Tubman lived in New York and helped poor and sick people. Achieving Her Dream: Harriet Tubman was an extraordinary person she fought for rights for African Americans.Harriet Tubman freed thousands of slaves and freed around three hundred from Maryland to Pennsylvania but Harriet Tubman felt bad about leaving so she went back and she heard that her niece and her two children were being sold and Harriet Tubman snuck them out. Harriet Tubman was such a great person because she has done all of and more with a chronic head disease. Sometimes Harriet Tubman had visions and she would write about using her nighttimers and used them to free slaves.

Swot Analysis of PG - 1235 Words

SWOT ANALYSIS OF P and G P and G is one of the largest consumer goods company in the world. It markets 300+ brands in more than 180 countries. P and G is engaged in diverse products like beauty, health, fabric, snacks and many more. P and G’s leading market position with its strong brand portfolio provides it with a significant competitive advantage. But there are lot of external factors like economic slowdown, environmental factors, etc which pose a threat to P and G’s progress. Internal factors also have a large impact on the company’s growth. Thus it makes necessary for SWOT analysis in order to develop further strategies for P and G. Strengths Research and development : P and G has strong R and D capabilities. P G is ranked†¦show more content†¦For example: P and G have placed recalls on Swiffer vacuum cleaner. If they have continual recalls, it could tarnish the brand image leading to lower customer loyalty. Dependency on mature markets and specific stores: P and G’s prime focus has been on mature markets like USA and western Europe with 26% and 22% of company’s sales respectively. Even though the sales in emerging markets has been 35% of sales, P and G is not putting much effort in growing in these emerging markets. P and G has been dependent on Walmart stores for majority of its sales, but this also can have a negative impact during financial crisis of Walmart. Lack of diversified customer portfolio: P and G’s 35% of sales is contributed by top 10 customers. Thus, the company’s revenues are concentrated among a few top customers. Thus, if these top customers face any financial difficulties, the chance of affecting company’s revenue is large. Opportunities: Emerging markets: The emerging markets of Latin America, India, Middle East, Korea, etc present significant opportunities for P and G due to increase in household income and emerging middle class. These factors will drive emerging markets and will make them more attractive in the future for consumer products manufacturing companies like P and G. Technology development: With the introduction of internet, the online social networks and internet marketing has created opportunity in terms of faster development and reducingShow MoreRelatedPG Swot Analysis10435 Words   |  42 Pages having a brand with a leading market share is a key competitive advantage. A strong brand fosters consumer loyalty, which in turn creates the opportunity for additional market share growth and above-average pricing flexibility. One good example is PG’s Tide laundry detergent. Despite a selling price above that of many other brands and the entry of Wal-Mart stores Inc.’s private-label product, Tide continues to strengthen its No. 1 position in US laundry detergent sales. Market Share Advantage:Read MoreSwot Analysis Of P G895 Words   |  4 Pagesdevelop rate later on. In China and Russia, PG is utilizing its portfolio of heading brands to draw in, form and grow a system of distributors. Presently its distributor system in China reaches at around 800 million individuals. In Russia, it now has an entry to 80% of the population. Therefore, with its extending distribution system, PG could tackle opportunities in these two nations to upgrade its market share and also balance out its top line development. PG is pursuing a clearly drafted developmentRead MoreSwot Analysis Of P G s Gillette Brand1044 Words   |  5 Pagescustomer s needs and wants. Geographic Segments PG s Gillette brand is organised in five geographic regions: North America, Western Europe, Central Eastern Europe/Middle East/Africa(CEEMEA),Latin America and Asia, which is comprised of Japan, Greater China and ASEAN/Australia/India/Korea Through their innovative products Gillette always attract customers. They design product specially for particular region. 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Industry I d t analysis l i Competitive strategy analysis Corporate strategy analysis SWOT analysis Australian School of Business B i Class 2: Strategy Analysis gy y Dot Com – NASDQ index from 1 Jan 1996-30 Dec 2002 School of Business B i Australian A. Why Strategy Analysis †¢ †¢ Strategy drives the actions of an organisationRead MoreA Market Analysis Focused On Procter Gamble1520 Words   |  7 PagesA Market Analysis Focusing on Procter Gamble Dorothy Dilger Herzing University November 23, 2014 A SWOT analysis is an effective tool for acquiring insight toward a company’s internal strengths and weakness, and external opportunities and threats. PG’s greatest strengths are their aggressiveness toward understanding consumer needs, strong research and development, and a diversification strategy. The company’s weaknesses are substantial competition in the consumer goods industry, andRead MoreFashion Industry Imc Campaign Lisa Brown1114 Words   |  5 PagesINTEGRATED MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS CAMPAIGN PROPOSAL     Integrated Marketing Communications Campaign Overview for Lisa Brown    1   |   P a g e                 Overview As   a   small   boutique   designer   label,   Lisa   Brown   has   limited   resources   to   implement   a   detailed    marketing   plan.   However,   in   such   a   competitive   environment,   it   is   increasingly   importantRead MoreTaking a Look at Procter Analysis1005 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Procter and Gamble (P G) is one of the renowned and well-known firms in the world and specifically America and it was originated in 1837.This firm was founded by William Procter and James Gamble. In the beginning, they used to manufacture only soap and candles but as the time passed their growth in business was the remarkable effort. Procter and Gamble has become one of the biggest consumer goods company in the world. Their products are sold in over 180 countries, which include severalRead MoreStrategy Formulation, Situation Analysis and Business Analysis1590 Words   |  7 PagesFormulation: Situation Analysis and Business Strategy Institut fà ¼r Strategisches Management Institut fà ¼r Strategisches Management Situational Analysis Strategy Formulation - developing a corporation’s mission, objectives, strategies and policies Situation Analysis - the process of finding a strategic fit between external opportunities and internal strengths while working around external and internal weaknesses Wheelen / Hunger, 2010, p 224 SWOT Analysis SWOT- Strengths-WeaknessesOpportunities-ThreatsRead MoreCar Industry: Swot Analysis1670 Words   |  7 Pagesn d e p e n d s o n t h e i n t e r p l a y o f m a n y f o r c e s o r s t i m u l i . P r o d u c t o f f e r i n g t h r o u g h s o m e p r o m o t i o n a l m e t h o d s i s t h e i n i t i a l s t i m u l i . T h e m a r k e t i n g a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l s t i m u l i e m e r g e f r o m c u l t u r a l , s o c i a l , p e r s o n a l a n d p s y c h o l o g i c a l f a c t o r s . T h e c u s t o m e r s j u d g e t h e d e a l s i n s e v e r a l w a y s . T h e r e p u t a

Texting vs. Calling Free Essays

â€Å"Texting vs. Calling† The evolution of cell phones has changed the world socially. The creation of cell phones began in the 1840s, but the first phone did not come out publically until 1977 (â€Å"Cell Phones†). We will write a custom essay sample on Texting vs. Calling or any similar topic only for you Order Now Majority of people today could not go a day without their phones. Now that phones are more portable, lighter, smaller, and easier to use, more and more people are upgrading and getting newer phones. Since the 1990s, cell phones have added new features to expand the way we communicate with others. With the new cell phones today, a person can do more than just make phone calls, he or she can text, instant message, and send emails. The two most common forms of communication through a cell phone are making a phone call and texting. Despite the fact that texting and calling have many similarities, they have many differences. Texting is when a person types a short message on a cell phone and sends it to another person with a cell phone. Texting allows more convenience because it is a faster way to get in touch with someone. There are a lot of people who will not even call on their phones, but will respond to a text immediately. Texting is more private. When a person is in a public place, he or she will not disturb others and no one would know what his or her conversation is about. An individual can also send a picture through a text. For example, instead of describing an item over the phone, a person can send a picture. We can see many useful things that texting bring to us. While texting, we can think clearly before we intend to say something. Once a person says something while on the phone, it is out in the open and he or she cannot take it back. While texting give us some time to consider carefully before saying what we think. This can cause less drama and fights. It is also more difficult to start a conversation by calling every time. Sometimes, texting will be good for explaining or saying sorry. Having conversations can either push people apart or bring people together. Depending on how a person says it and what kind of tone he or she uses, results in the way others may react. As if cell phones weren’t already pricey enough, the cost to have text messaging and calling features can put a dent in his or her pocket. That brings up another difference between texting and calling. Texting on the mobile phone is less costly than calling. Students and younger teenagers prefer paying for text messages rather than phone calls, especially when they’re low on money and do not have a job. Unless a person has unlimited texting, it can range from ten cents up to about twenty-five cents a message. Calling can be between one dollar to a dollar and twenty-five cents. It all depends on the phone plan he or she chooses, but the cost of calling is still more than the cost of text messaging. Even when researching the statistics of calling and texting, people can come to the conclusion that more cell phone users choose texting over calling. More and more people agree that texting is more fun and easier than calling. All of this texting activity has come at the expense of voice. Last year, teens texted instead of calling because it was fun. Now, more teens consider texting faster and easier than calling. Voice activity has decreased fourteen percent among teens, who average 646 minutes talking on the phone per month. Many adults over the age of fifty-five, on the other hand, prefer to talk instead of text. It is said that they communicate by calling more than teens do. If it seems like American teens are texting all the time, it’s probably because on average they’re sending or receiving 3,339 texts a month. It’s amazing at how many people use texting more than calling, but sometimes calling can do more than texting can. Texting can be short and sweet; however, most people think calling is more meaningful. Someone can pick up the phone, and say, â€Å"I love you, mom† or â€Å"I will have dinner at home, Dad. † Just by hearing his or her voice, the parent will feel more satisfied compared to reading a text message. By calling, cell phone users can talk with their friends comfortably and transfer their emotions to their friends naturally. Although both have their own value, I believe that calling makes people closer than texting. Besides, people just call for 911. If they try texting a message to 911, it won’t quite work out like they thought. I will say that some messages you shouldn’t reply to. Some messages are sent just to deliver information that the receiver needs to complete a task or something simple as a greeting or a farewell. Also think about the elderly, they are not used to the new technology that the new mobile devices offer, so most likely text messaging will be out of the question for them. A lot of elderly people have bad vision and won’t quite understand the different options and menus that a new mobile device has to offer. The simple task of texting could take them up to thirty or more minutes, and I’m sure this will become very aggravating. Cell phones can be very distracting. Both texting and calling while driving are dangerous, but texting is absolutely unacceptable and more likely to cause accidents. Cell phone users have to look down at the phone to text and call. While making a phone call, it takes less time to dial a number than it does to type out a sentence. Texting causes drivers to focus more on what a text message says rather than worrying about driving. Phone calls require drivers to focus on the phone to dial a number, but it’s not nearly as distracting as texting. Overall, there are different aspects to look at when choosing whether to call or text, but both are great ways to communicate through a cell phone. A text or call can let people know they are being thought about and send out a bit of emotion. They both have many similarities and differences, but I believe the differences overcome the similarities and are more important. Works Cited â€Å"Cell Phones. † Cell Phone History. N. p. , 2008. Web. 03 Oct. 2012. lt;http://cellphones. org/cell-phone-history. htmlgt;. How to cite Texting vs. Calling, Papers

Associative and Time Series Forecasting Models free essay sample

Associative and Time Series Forecasting involves using past data to generate a number, set of numbers, or scenario that corresponds to a future occurrence. It is absolutely essential to short-range and long-range planning. Time Series and Associative models are both quantitative forecast techniques are more objective than qualitative techniques such as the Delphi Technique and market research. Time Series Models Based on the assumption that history will repeat itself, there will be identifiable patterns of behaviour that can be used to predict future behaviour. This model is useful when you have a short time requirement (eg days) to analyse products in their growth stages to predict short-term outcomes. To use this model you look at several historical periods and choose a method that minimises a chosen measure of error. Then use that method to predict the future. To do this you use detailed data by SKUs (Stock Keeping Units) which are readily available. In TSM there may be identifiable underlying behaviours to identify as well as the causes of that behaviour. The data may show causal patterns that appear to repeat themselves – the trick is to determine which are true patterns that can be used for analysis and which are merely random variations. The patterns you look for include: Trends – long term movements in either direction Cycles wavelike variations lasting more than a year usually tied to economic or political conditions (eg gas prices have long term impact on travel trends) Seasonality – short-term variations related to season, month, particular day (eg Christmas sales, Monday trade etc) In addition there are causes of behaviour that are not patterns such as worker strikes, natural disasters and other random variations. Simple uses of this model include â€Å"naive† forecasting averaging but both take little account of the variations and patterns. â€Å"Naive† forecast uses the actual demand for the past period as the forecasted demand for the next period on the assumption that the past will repeat and any trends, seasonality, or cycles are either reflected in the previous periods demand or do not exist. Simple average takes the average of some number of periods of past data by summing each period and dividing the result by the number of periods. (great for short term basic forecasting) Moving average takes a predetermined number of periods, sums their actual demand, and divides by the number of periods to reach a forecast. For each subsequent period, the oldest period of data drops off and the latest period is added Weighted average applies a predetermined weight to each month of past data, sums the past data from each period then divides by the total of the weights. If the forecaster adjusts the weights so that their sum is equal to 1, then the weights are multiplied by the actual demand of each applicable period. The results are then summed to achieve a weighted forecast. Generally, the more recent the data is, the higher the weight. Weighted moving average this is a combination of weighted and moving average which assigns weights to a predetermined number of periods of actual data and computes the forecast the same way as moving average forecasts. As with all moving forecasts, as each new period is added, the data from the oldest period is discarded. Exponential smoothing is a more complex form of weighted moving average in which the weight falls off exponentially as the data ages. This averaging technique takes the previous periods forecast and adjusts it by a predetermined smoothing constant multiplied by the difference in the previous forecast and the demand that actually occurred during the previously forecasted period (called forecast error). Holts Model An extension of exponential smoothing used when time-series data exhibits a linear trend. This method is known by several other names: double smoothing; trend-adjusted exponential smoothing; forecast including trend. A more complex form known as the Holt-Winters Model brings both trend and seasonality into the equation. This can be analysed using either the multiplicative or additive method. In the additive version, seasonality is expressed as a quantity to be added to or subtracted from the series average. For the multiplicative model seasonality is expressed as a percentage (seasonal relatives or seasonal indexes) of the average (or trend). These are then multiplied times values in order to incorporate seasonality. Associative Models Also known as â€Å"causal† models involve the identification of variables that can be used to predict another variable of interest. They are based on the assumption that the historical relationship between dependent andindependent variables will remain valid in future and each independent variable is easy to predict. This form of analysis can take several months and is used for medium-term forecasts for products in their growth or maturity phase. The procedure for this model is to collect several periods of history relating to the independent and dependent variables themselves, establish the relationship that minimizes mean squared error of forecast vs actual using linear or non-linear and singular or multiple regression analysis. So you first predict the independent variable, then look at the established relationships between that independent variable and the dependent ones to predict what the dependent variables will be. You then develop an equation that summarizes the effects of predictor variables. To do this you will need aggregate data which is not always readily available and this model can be become overly complex the more factors are included as variables. Examples of the relationship between independent and dependent variables include: interest rates will impact on home loan applications, soil conditions will effect crop yields, location and size of land will effect sales levels. Techniques Linear regression, the objective is to develop an equation that summarizes the effects of the predictor (independent) variables upon the forecasted (dependent) variable. If the predictor variable were plotted, the object would be to obtain an equation of a straight line that minimizes the sum of the squared deviations from the line (with deviation being the distance from each point to the line). Where there is more than one predictor variable or if the relationship between predictor and forecast is not linear, simple linear regression wont be adequate. For multiple predictors, multiple regression should be used, while non-linear relationships needs the use of curvilinear regression. Econometric forecasting Uses complex mathematical equations to show past relationships between demand and variables that influence the demand. An equation is derived and then tested and fine-tuned to ensure that it is as reliable a representation of the past relationship as possible. Once this is done, projected values of the influencing variables (income, prices, etc. ) are inserted into the equation to make a forecast. An example of this is the ARIMA model (autoregressive integrated moving-average). NB Box and Jenkins proposed a three stage methodology: model identification, estimation and validation. This involves identifying if the series is stationary or not and the presence of seasonality by examining plots of the series, autocorrelation and partial autocorrelation functions. Then models are estimated using non-linear time series or maximum likelihood estimation procedures. Finally validation is carried out with diagnostic checking such as plotting the residuals to detect outliers and evidence of model fit. Evaluating Forecasts determined by computing the bias, mean absolute deviation (MAD), mean square error (MSE), or mean absolute percent error (MAPE) for the forecast using different values for alpha. Bias is the sum of the forecast errors. These measures give more accuracy to the forecast of bias by taking into account the impact of over-forecasting and under-forecasting on the results. Choosing a method for different organisations/purposes No single technique works in every situation but the two most important factors are cost and accuracy. Other factors to consider are availability of historical data and the time resources needed to gather and analyse the data as well as the timeline of the forecast – how far into the future you are trying to look. Often an organisation can use several methods for different purposes. For example a charitable organisation might lack funds technology but usually keep excellent records of their history and there is a multitude of readily accessible socio-economic data that can be applied to identify patterns and behaviours. They are also usually looking at predicting the situation for the next year or three years depending on their funding cycles and do not have months to spare while they determine variables. In this discussion of a state energy boards forecasting options (see link to pdf) they discuss the use of several methods depending on what they are trying to achieve.

The Most Significant Inventions of the Second Half of XX Century free essay sample

It is difficult to value the role of scientific invention of the second half of XX century. But we shouldn’t forget that it is would have been impossible without countless ideas and inventions which mankind had made before. Every minute of our life is history in the making. Nowadays technical progress is developing so fast, that people who lived 50 years ago even couldn’t imagine our modern way of life. They couldn’t realize things, which is widespread and habitual for us. Today’s events can soon enter history books as well. As for me, it is difficult to pick out three the most important inventions from inventions which are not less important than them. So I think that the most significant inventions and events of the last 50 years are: invention of computer, internet and the latest discovery is cloning, which has been made not long ago, in 1997. Our century is a century of developing informational connection. We will write a custom essay sample on The Most Significant Inventions of the Second Half of XX Century or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When Charles Babbage invented the first calculating machine in 1812 he could hardly have imagined the situation we find ourselves today. Computer becomes like a brain of human but the only thing it cannot do is to feel. Nowadays computers play a huge role in our day-to-day life. They simplified our life a lot. Importance of computers increased rapidly. They help housewives in the kitchens and in systems of air traffic control. This invention resulted to other discoveries, like internet and cd-rom. Also a lot of new professions appeared, like programmer and system administrator. Internet was created in the 1969 as the result of a secret project in the USA. However, the internet, in the way we understand it was invented in CERN, in 1980th. Nowadays the internet connects nearly all parts of our planet. With the help of the internet we can visit museums and art galleries, learn the latest news, prepare home assignment. Also The Internet is used for communication. We can send e-mail and chat with friends and people all over the world. And do many other activities without going out from our homes. In 1997 English scientists managed to create an exact biological copy of a sheep. This method was named cloning. This success led to tough debates in society. Cloning can made a revolution in agriculture; scientists will start cloning the best specimens of plants and animals. It can be useful in medicine. It will be possible to grow new organs to help ill people, to cure many diseases. Also cloning can use for saving animals which are in danger of extinction. But on the other hand, scientists know very few about in. We don’t know how it will influence on people. I think we live in a very interesting period. There is a rapid progress of technology and science, so by the end of, for example, 2020 our life will have changed greatly. Nearly every day scientists make new inventions. And more over that we don’t even know what it is going to be tomorrow. I believe mankind stand on the threshold of even greatest discoveries.

buy custom The Middle Ages essay

buy custom The Middle Ages essay The middle Ages is the period of European history from the fifth to fifteenth century. It comes after the fall of the Western Roman Empire and before the early modern era. The central middle ages witnessed important events in the long history of the church. This is the period when forms were cast that would eventually outline essential features of the Christian church through its entire life. The papacy which had been involved in scandals was awakened and made to assume active leadership roles. Due to the exhilaration of its awakening, the popes served the church effectively though divisions were soon evident. This paper will seek to discuss the guiding theological principles for developments of reforms and try to evaluate if the church and the society today is living with the consequences of these developments. The 11th century experienced a wave of reformers in the papacy that tried to introduce changes which brought about ecclesial authority. Several popes worked hard to reform the process by which elections were conducted in the church. They stamped out the vice of buying church offices and enforced celibacy for all priests. This consequently eliminated heirs to offices in the church. Among the popes who championed for these reforms were Leo, Calixtus and Gregory. Moreover, the church wanted to show a difference from the various European monarchs and bring itself out as a separate superior spiritual authority. It is thought that Pope Innocent enjoyed a superior authority that extended over various other worldly rulers in the peak of the papal authority. Leo was a key figure in developing reforms that aided in restoration of order in the monastic tradition. Amongst his recognized efforts were outlawing of simony and promotion of clerical celibacy. These reforms were supported by the popes who came after him where Pope Nicholas who facilitated the removal of pope appointing authority from the Roman Emperors and vested the authority in the cardinals (Halsall, 1996). Pope Gregory who had started reforms with Leo continued with the same reforms in England where he successfully promoted clerical celibacy and stumped out simony (Gonzales 286). Nonetheless, things were not smooth for Gregory as he experienced stiff resistance from Henry of Germany and Philip of France. Henry plundered and destroyed churches in open conflict with the Holy See. He continued with the vice of influencing elections of church leaders devoted to him. The French clergy with the backing of Phillip refused to comply with the reforms. Henry was excommunicated from the church severally (Coakley and Sterk 319-324). Conflict between the secular and church authorities continued. A structure was laid out by the Concordat of Worms by which elections of the bishops in Germany would be undertaken without any violence or simony and in presence of the Emperor (Halsall, 1996). The Emperor would then vest civil authority upon the bishops. Even so, division of power between the state and church would be realized where ecclesial authority signified by the ring and staff would be bestowed upon the clergy by the pope (Halsall, 1996). The vice of simony never ended as the battle for supremacy continued over the years where Emperor Barbarossa and his son Henry tried using their imperial power in influencing the election of pope. However, the cardinals had their way in electing a new pope Innocent after the death of Henry. Pope Innocent experienced the stature of papal power in the struggle that ensued between the Holy Roman Emperor and the Holy See. Soon after Innocent ascended to power, he set the tone for hi s sovereignty in a letter to the nobles of Tuscany and the perfect Acerbius in which according to Coakley he said just as the moon derives its light from the sun and is indeed lower than it in quantity and quality, in position and in power, so too the royal power derives the splendor of its dignity from the pontifical authority (319-324). Innocent prohibited usury in France where he declared that taxes would not be collected by feudal lords in churches and a person found disobeying this directive would be excommunicated. Innocent enormous power once came into the limelight when he pronounced an interdict against the whole of France after the French King Augustus married a third wife. Innocent succeeded in reversing the process as Augustuss nobles and bishops forced him not to marry the third wife (Gonzales 309). As much as Innocent was seen as a reformist, he also had his negative side. Ironically, Innocent is seen as condoning the same vice he was against. He named Otto as Holy Rom an Emperor after setting aside Fredrick. The churches today stand firmly in the above developments experienced in the central middle Ages. The catholic popes are still elected by cardinals and celibacy is practiced by priests. Though it is claimed that the powers of the state and the church are completely separate, spiritual leaders are known to give recommendations regarding political situations and these recommendations are used by Christians in making political choices. This is the main reason why in the run up to elections, candidates for the office of the president make advances towards conventional religious groups in an attempt to secure votes. There are also instances of selective use of government powers to enforce political detachment for religious institutions exempted from paying taxes. Buy custom The Middle Ages essay

Leadership examination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Leadership examination - Essay Example This paper critically evaluates and reflects on my strengths and weaknesses both in leadership and followership based on self analysis, perspectives from third parties and online tests, and from the key strengths and weaknesses determine how I would develop my leadership and followership both in the short run and in the long run My current strengths and weaknesses in leadership and followership The current strengths that I possess in leadership and followership are that I have excellent communication and interpersonal skills and I’m an effective listener. I also have the ability to multitask, cope with previous failure and learning from them and also assuming responsibilities that may not have a person taking of them. My current weaknesses are being disorganized without a planned schedule and analyzing an issue to the smallest details which at times take quite some time. I though sought to identify gaps I was not aware through questioning a number of friends, colleagues, paren ts and supervisor at work. From their perspectives and opinions, they found some of my strengths being that I’m a determined and does not seem to be put down easily, self motivated, a good team player, confident, and creative in finding ways to get something or solving an issue. Key weaknesses that were notable were that I tend to be a chronic debater which can be annoying, I tend to procrastinate issues, I often go out of way in doing things which may antagonize others, and I lose patience easily since often I want things done there and then. I have also been able to learn in class that leadership is not just about possessing higher intelligence quotient, or high academic capabilities, emotional intelligence that are critical in leaders (Jones, 2010:232; Bateman & Snell, 2007:135). In essence therefore, I took two E.I. online tests to get a better grip on my capabilities as a leader. In the first test with Discovery Fit and Health, my Emotional Intelligence results were 73 o ut of 100 an above average result. The interpretation showed that I’m generally able to express my feelings clearly in appropriate situations, I’m positive, optimistic and adapt quite well to altering circumstances. I’m self motivating and can be able to get the strength to complete what I need to do to complete my goals, and I’m resilient ready to bounce back when I encounter drawbacks, survive hardships without bitterness and yet still be able to empathize with others (Discovery Fit and Health, 2012). In the second test result with Institute for Health and Human Potential, the evaluation results were 44, slightly above average. The results show that where as I’m sensitive to the emotional climate around me and is aware of the effect of my behavior on others, I should also be able to honestly communicate my difficult feelings and needs. It also shows that I get engrossed in small details in life that I forget what gives me great joy and meaning. I t shows that I need to work on issues that may be stressing or causing tension in me and should be able to share my feelings and needs freely seeking to take care of myself as I do others (Institute for Health and Human Potential, 2012). I was receptive to the first results and found them to be quite motivating. They were though simple and delivered in a shallow easy to understand manner. In the second test that I took, though I performed above average, the results description went on to critically analyze my weak points in a manner though awakening, I found was also dramatic than was necessary. Combining the two results, I have been able to comprehend my strong and weak points with regard to Emotional Intelli

Organisational Behaviour and Change Management Essay

Organisational Behaviour and Change Management - Essay Example So, in 2005, it actualized that plan by adopting the diversity program. This program apart from improving Nike’s ethical image, also positively affects the economic and non-economic aspects of Nike’s functioning. Importantly it opens up a surge of opportunities and so this paper as part of a strategic plan will discuss those opportunities, focusing on the ethical dilemmas associated with those opportunities. Then the paper will discuss the actualization of those opportunities through optimization of the strategic plan, incorporating strategies from other organization. Any organized human activity, which is done in-group, will be most times constituted into an organization. So, organization is a ‘structure’ where ‘collage’ of workers will do their allocated work under the supervision of a leader, for the benefit of the organization as well as them. When one speaks or thinks about an industry or an office or an organization, the ‘mental picture’, one visualizes is of machines, large assembling plants, etc, etc (in case of industries) and papers, computers, cabins etc, etc (in case of offices). But, the crucial thing that the mind ‘crops out’ is the picture of a working human. Without delving deeply into why mind always associate industry and office with non-living things, the point is, humans are the crucial things who can put an organization in a cruise mode in terms of production, sales, profits, etc. So, the workers only form the crucial ‘cog’ in the running of the organization. On ly if these crucial workers are recruited or staffed optimally through an effective recruitment process, the organization can achieve optimum success. But, for the organizations particularly multinational companies, recruiting the apt workers is not the end of the task, they have to recruit employees from diverse backgrounds in their home operations and

Theories of Employment Relations in SMEs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Theories of Employment Relations in SMEs - Essay Example The researcher of this essay discusses the opinions of researchers and scholars in organisation studies, that often see small firms as the major sources of innovation and the drivers of the major economic change. SMEs are generally believed to be the greatest contributors to national and international economic growth and create an impression of being increasingly beneficial and attractive to potential employees, due to their flexibility, informality, and family-friendly environments, which are impossible in large organisations. These benefits, generate significant criticism: informality and flexibility in employment relations in SMEs are not without their problems. While some theorists position flexibility and informality as the positive factors of employee commitment and labour productivity, others consider flexibility and family-friendly environments responsible for lower job security, lower wages, lower quality of professional training, unsociable hours and even health risks. In t his essay, employment relations in SMEs are mainly underresearched and require developing a systemic framework. The discussion of employment relations in SMEs usually goes along the three distinct lines: the impact of the NMW, the role of informality, and the place of flexibility and family-friendly environments in SMEs. In its current state, the theories of employment relations in SMEs are both interesting and contradictory, but they lay the foundation for the development of a single systemic framework of how employees and employers coordinate.

Efficient Movement Of Finished Goods Marketing Essay

Efficient Movement Of Finished Goods Marketing Essay Physical distribution is the set of activities concerned with efficient movement of finished goods from the end of the production operation to the consumer. Physical distribution takes place within numerous wholesaling and retailing distribution channels, and includes such important decision areas as customer service, inventory control, materials handling, protective packaging, order procession, transportation, warehouse site selection, and warehousing. Physical distribution is part of a larger process called distribution, which includes wholesale and retail marketing, as well the physical movement of products. Physical distribution activities have recently received increasing attention from business managers, including small business owners. This is due in large part to the fact that these functions often represent almost half of the total marketing costs of a product. In fact, research studies indicate that physical distribution costs nationally amount to approximately 20 percent of the countrys total gross national product (GNP). These findings have led many small businesses to expand their cost-cutting efforts beyond their historical focus on production to encompass physical distribution activities. The importance of physical distribution is also based on its relevance to customer satisfaction. By storing goods in convenient locations for shipment to wholesalers and retailers, and by creating fast, reliable means of moving the goods, small business owners can help assure continued success in a rapidly changing, competitive global market. A SYSTEM APPROACH Physical distribution can be viewed as a system of components linked together for the efficient movement of products. Small business owners can ask the following questions in addressing these components: Customer servicehat level of customer service should be provided? Transportationow will the products be shipped? Warehousinghere will the goods be located? How many warehouses should be utilized? Order processingow should the orders be handled? Inventory controlow much inventory should be maintained at each location? Protective packaging and materials handlingow can efficient methods be developed for handling goods in the factory, warehouse, and transport terminals? These components are interrelated: decisions made in one area affect the relative efficiency of others. For example, a small business that provides customized personal computers may transport finished products by air rather than by truck, as faster delivery times may allow lower inventory costs, which would more than offset the higher cost of air transport. Viewing physical distribution from a systems perspective can be the key to providing a defined level of customer service at the lowest possible cost. CUSTOMER SERVICE Customer service is a precisely-defined standard of customer satisfaction which a small business owner intends to provide for its customers. For example, a customer service standard for the above-mentioned provider of customized computers might be that 60 percent of all PCS reach the customer within 48 hours of ordering. It might further set a standard of delivering 90 percent of all of its units within 72 hours, and all 100 percent of its units within 96 hours. A physical distribution system is then set up to reach this goal at the lowest possible cost. In todays fast-paced, technologically advanced business environment, such systems often involve the use of specialized software that allows the owner to track inventory while simultaneously analyzing all the routes and transportation modes available to determine the fastest, most cost-effective way to delivery goods on time. TRANSPORTATION The United States transportation system has long been a government-regulated industry, much like its telephone and electrical utilities. But in 1977 the deregulation of transportation began with the removal of federal regulations for cargo air carriers not engaged in passenger transportation. The deregulation movement has since expanded in ways that have fundamentally altered the transportation landscape for small business owners, large conglomerates and, ultimately, the consumer. Transportation costs are largely based on the rates charged by carriers. There are two basic types of transportation rates: class and commodity. The class rate, which is the higher of the two rates, is the standard rate for every commodity moving between any two destinations. The commodity rate is sometimes called a special rate, since it is given by carriers to shippers as a reward for either regular use or large-quantity shipments. Unfortunately, many small business owners do not have the volume of shipping needed to take advantage of commodity rates. However, small businesses are increasingly utilizing a third type of rate that has emerged in recent years. This rate is known as a negotiated or contract rate. Popularized in the 1980s following transportation deregulation, contract rates allow a shipper and carrier to negotiate a rate for a particular service, with the terms of the rate, service, and other variables finalized in a contract between the two parties. Transportation cos ts vary by mode of shipping, as discussed below. TRUCKINGLEXIBLE AND GROWING The shipping method most favored by small business (and many large enterprises as well) is trucking. Carrying primarily manufactured products (as opposed to bulk materials), trucks offer fast, frequent, and economic delivery to more destinations in the country than any other mode. Trucks are particularly useful for short-distance shipments, and they offer relatively fast, consistent service for both large and small shipments. AIR FREIGHTAST BUT EXPENSIVE Because of the relatively high cost of air transport, small businesses typically use air only for the movement of valuable or highly-perishable products. However, goods that qualify for this treatment do represent a significant share of the small business market. Owners can sometimes offset the high cost of air transportation with reduced inventory-holding costs and the increased business that may accompany faster customer service. WATER CARRIERSLOW BUT INEXPENSIVE There are two basic types of water carriers: inland or barge lines, and oceangoing deep-water ships. Barge lines are efficient transporters of bulky, low-unit-value commodities such as grain, gravel, lumber, sand, and steel. Barge lines typically do not serve small businesses. Oceangoing ships, on the other hand, operate in the Great Lakes, transporting goods among port cities, and in international commerce. Sea shipments are an important part of foreign trade, and thus are of vital importance to small businesses seeking an international market share. RAILROADSONG DISTANCE SHIPPING Railroads continue to present an efficient mode for the movement of bulky commodities over long distances. These commodities include coal, chemicals, grain, non-metallic minerals, and lumber and wood products. PIPELINESPECIALIZED TRANSPORTERS Pipelines are utilized to efficiently transport natural gas and oil products from mining sites to refineries and other destinations. In addition, so-called slurry pipelines transport products such as coal, which is ground to a powder, mixed with water, and moved as a suspension through the pipes. INTERMODAL SERVICES Small business owners often take advantage of multi-mode deals offered by shipping companies. Under these arrangements, business owners can utilize a given transportation mode in the section of the trip in which it is most cost efficient, and use other modes for other segments of the transport. Overall costs are often significantly lower under this arrangement than with single-mode transport. Of vital importance to small businesses are transporters specializing in small shipments. These include bus freight services, United Parcel Service, Federal Express, DHL International, the United States Postal Service, and others. Since small businesses can be virtually paralyzed by transportation strikes or other disruptions in small shipment service, many owners choose to diversify to include numerous shippers, thus maintaining an established relationship with an alternate shipper should disruptions occur. Additionally, small businesses often rely on freight forwarders who act as transportation intermediaries: these firms consolidate shipments from numerous customers to provide lower rates than are available without consolidation. Freight forwarding not only provides cost savings to small businesses, it provides entrepreneurial opportunities for start-up businesses as well. WAREHOUSING Small business owners who require warehousing facilities must decide whether to maintain their own strategically located depot(s), or resort to holding their goods in public warehouses. And those entrepreneurs who go with non-public warehousing must further decide between storage or distribution facilities. A storage warehouse holds products for moderate to long-term periods in an attempt to balance supply and demand for producers and purchasers. They are most often used by small businesses whose products supply and demand are seasonal. On the other hand, a distribution warehouse assembles and redistributes products quickly, keeping them on the move as much as possible. Many distribution warehouses physically store goods for fewer than 24 hours before shipping them on to customers. In contrast to the older, multi-story structures that dot cities around the country, modern warehouses are long, one-story buildings located in suburban and semi-rural settings where land costs are substantially less. These facilities are often located so that their users have easy access to major highways or other transportation options. Single-story construction eliminates the need for installing and maintaining freight elevators, and for accommodating floor load limits. Furthermore, the internal flow of stock runs a straight course rather than up and down multiple levels. The efficient movement of goods involves entry on one side of the building, central storage, and departure out the other end. Computer technology for automating warehouses is dropping in price, and thus is increasingly available for small business applications. Sophisticated software translates orders into bar codes and determines the most efficient inventory picking sequence. Order information is keyboarded only once, while labels, bills, and shipping documents are generated automatically. Information reaches hand-held scanners, which warehouse staff members use to fill orders. The advantages of automation include low inventory error rates and high processing speeds. INVENTORY CONTROL Inventory control can be a major component of a small business physical distribution system. Costs include funds invested in inventory, depreciation, and possible obsolescence of the goods. Experts agree that small business inventory costs have dropped dramatically due to deregulation of the transportation industry. Inventory control analysts have developed a number of techniques which can help small businesses control inventory effectively. The most basic is the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) model. This involves a trade-off between the two fundamental components of an inventory control cost: inventory-carrying cost (which increases with the addition of more inventory), and order-processing cost (which decreases as the quantity ordered increases). These two cost items are traded off in determining the optimal warehouse inventory quantity to maintain for each product. The EOQ point is the one at which total cost is minimized. By maintaining product inventories as close to the EOQ point as possible, small business owners can minimize their inventory costs. ORDER PROCESSING The small business owner is concerned with order processingnother physical distribution functionecause it directly affects the ability to meet the customer service standards defined by the owner. If the order processing system is efficient, the owner can avoid the costs of premium transportation or high inventory levels. Order processing varies by industry, but often consists of four major activities: a credit check; recording of the sale, such as crediting a sales representatives commission account; making the appropriate accounting entries; and locating the item, shipping, and adjusting inventory records. Technological innovations, such as increased use of the Universal Product Code, are contributing to greater efficiency in order processing. Bar code systems give small businesses the ability to route customer orders efficiently and reduce the need for manual handling. The coded information includes all the data necessary to generate customer invoices, thus eliminating the need for repeated keypunching. Another technological innovation affecting order processing is Electronic Data Interchange. EDI allows computers at two different locations to exchange business documents in machine-readable format, employing strictly-defined industry standards. Purchase orders, invoices, remittance slips, and the like are exchanged electronically, thereby eliminating duplication of data entry, dramatic reductions in data entry errors, and increased speed in procurement cycles. PROTECTIVE PACKAGING AND MATERIALS HANDLING Another important component of a small business physical distribution system is material handling. This comprises all of the activities associated with moving products within a production facility, warehouse, and transportation terminals. One important innovation is known as unitizingombining as many packages as possible into one load, preferably on a pallet. Unitizing is accomplished with steel bands or shrink wrapping to hold the unit in place. Advantages of this material handling methodology include reduced labor, rapid movement, and minimized damage and pilferage. A second innovation is containerizationhe combining of several unitized loads into one box. Containers that are presented in this manner are often unloaded in fewer than 24 hours, whereas the task could otherwise take days or weeks. This speed allows small export businesses adequate delivery schedules in competitive international markets. In-transit damage is also reduced because individual packages are not handled en route to the purchaser. FURTHER READING: Artman Les. Clancy, David. Distribution Follows Consumer Movement.  Transportation and Distribution.  June 1990. Bowersox, Donald, et al. How Supply Chain Competency Leads to Business Success.  Supply Chain Management.  September 2000. Brenner, Gary, Joel Ewan, and Henry Custer.  The Complete Handbook for the Entrepreneur.Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1990. Evans, James.  Production and Operations Management: Quality, Performance, and Value.  West Publishing Company, 1997. Schmenner, Roger.  Production and Operations Management: From the Inside Out.  Macmillan, 1993. Supply Chain, Distribution, and Fulfillment.  International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management.  October 2000. Wood, Donald, and James Johnson.  Contemporary Logistics.  Prentice Hall, 1996. SEE ALSO:  Distribution Channels;  Transportation Source:  Encyclopedia of Small Business,  ©2002 Gale Cengage. All Rights Reserved.  Full copyright. Importance of physical distribution by  ADMIN  on  MARCH 28, 2007 Physical distribution / marketing logistics form a pivotal part of the marketing task. It is physical distribution that confers place-utility and time-utility to a product by making it available to the user at the right place and at the right time thereby it maximizes the chance to sell the product and strengthen the companyà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s competitive position. If any product made in any place could be consumed in ità ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s entirely at the very place of production and at the very time of production, there would be no need for physical distribution of that product. But such products are very rare. In practice, almost every product gets consumed at places and times that are different fro those of their manufacture. They have to be carried to places of consumption; they have to be stored; and they have to be distributed. Where Production Locations and Markets are distanced, Physical Distribution becomes more crucial. In some cases, production locations are totally dictated by considerations like proximity to sources of raw material. As a result, the points of production might be far away from the markets for the product. In some cases, huge production capacities get established at a given location on consideration of technology and economies of scale. In all such cases, the product has to be marketed over an extended territory; it has to be transported over long distances, stored for a considerable length of time and sold. There are products, which are impacted by the seasonality factor- either production is continuous but demand is seasonal, or demand is continuous but production is seasonal. Here too, physical distribution becomes particularly crucial. It has to perform the balancing act between production and consumption. Helps Build Clientele It is physical distribution that determines the customer service level to a large extent. As a result, it serves as a vital tool in building clientele / market for the product. And conversely, ineffective physical distribution leads to loss of customers and markets. A Promising Area for Cost Reduction Physical distribution is a fertile area for cost savings. Over the years, in most businesses, physical distribution costs have grown into a sizeable chunk of the total costs and now ranks second among all cost elements, next only to material costs. And surprisingly, it has remained one of the neglected areas of cost control. The Dark Continent: Peter Drucker has rightly compared physical distribution to the à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“dark continent of Africa of napoleonà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s daysà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢. He said, à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“we know about physical distribution today just as much as what Napoleonà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s contemporaries knew about the interior of Africa. We know it is there and we know it is big and thatà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s allà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢. The message is obvious. Physical distribution is the most promising area for cost control. more at  http://www.citeman.com/1665-importance-of-physical-distribution.html#ixzz258EK3EJO Warehousing   Warehousing Warehousing is the second major component of physical distribution. Warehousing management has two distinct and equally important parts: 1. The physical job of creating and running the network of storage points and 2. The managerial task of controlling inventory levels without sacrificing service levels. Role and Importance of Warehousing Points below explain the role and importance of warehousing. Like transportation warehousing too vests the product with time utility and place uti   Article On CiteMan.com Inventory management some crucial factors   Inventory management some crucial factors Inventory management is the third major component of physical distribution task. It will be obvious that without effective management of finished product inventory it is impossible to run any business efficiently and profitably. Inventory is Inescapable: Carrying inventories is inescapable in most business. This is because the producing and consuming activities take place at different times in different locations and at different rates. Inventories are   Article On CiteMan.com Sales promotion budget   Sales promotion budget 1. Direct Fixed and Variable Costs: The direct fixed costs are costs of physically distributing samples placing advertisements and point of purchase material etc. Variable costs are payment made to the retailer for each coupon redeemed. 2. Likely market response: The marketer it is suggested should analyze six types of market responses. These are: a Redemption rates b Displacement rates c Acquisition rates d Stock up rates e Conversion rates f Product line effects Le   Article On CiteMan.com Importance of physical distribution   Importance of physical distribution Physical distribution / marketing logistics form a pivotal part of the marketing task. It is physical distribution that confers placeutility and timeutility to a product by making it available to the user at the right place and at the right time thereby it maximizes the chance to sell the product and strengthen the companyà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s competitive position. If any product made in any place could be consumed in ità ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s entirely at the very place of production and at the    Article On CiteMan.com Transportation   Transportation The importance of transportation in physical distribution emanates from a variety of factors. Transportation confers à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“time utilityà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ and à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“place utilityà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ to the product; it determines the companyà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s customer service; it also has a crucial bearing on the other elements of physical distribution and marketing like warehousing inventory control and channel management. Finally transportation is a very important cost element in most businesses. Assessment of the Transportation Re   Article On CiteMan.com Outsourcing marketing logistics   Outsourcing marketing logistics In recent times firms have been taking to non conventional approaches in the matter of physical distribution / management of marketing logistics. Complete outsourcing of marketing logistics is perhaps is perhaps the most noteworthy of them all. Globally outsourcing of physical distribution and channel services has become the inthing in recent years. Firms strike arrangement with external logistics service providers and allow them to function as their extended arm    Article On CiteMan.com Designing a marketing logistics system   Designing a marketing logistics system The Steps involved in designing a physical distribution system as shown below. The first step distribution objectives of the firm must be properly articulated and the minimum service level to be guaranteed in delivery must be clearly specified. In fact the guaranteed minimum service level in delivery is the key to a physical distribution system. It is also the touchstone for measuring the efficiency of the system. Component Functions of Physical Distributio   Article On CiteMan.com Materials Management An integrated ViewHYPERLINK http://www.citeman.com/index.php?p=4546   Materials Management An integrated View The various components of the management of materials were discussed such as: 1. Purchasing 2. Inventory Control 3. Storage and materials handling 4. Physical Distribution of materials Each of these is equally important and although some division of responsibility and authority is necessary for dealing with them we cannot treat them as isolated water tight compartments. The decisions taken by a purchasing executive will have to be tempered or modified by    Article On CiteMan.com Marketing logistics   Marketing logistics Physical distribution / Marketing Logistics Physical distribution is the process of delivering the product to the marketing channels and consumers. It encompasses the various activities involved in the physical flow of the product from the producer to the consumer. Marketing logistics is somewhat larger in scope compared to physical distribution. It covers physical distribution plus a part of the task of marketing channels. While physical distribution takes care of functions    Article On CiteMan.com Physical distribution marketing logistics needs a system approach   Physical distribution marketing logistics needs a system approach As the functions are interdependent the cost there of are also closely interrelated. Very often one function subsidies another For example if the firm is prepared to incur increased costs on transportation it may be in a position reduce its warehousing/inventory cost. This is because in such a case the firm can use the fastest mode of transport and rush the stocks to the desired warehouse unmindful of the transportation cost. Obv   Article On CiteMan.com Physical Distribution Management (PDM)HYPERLINK http://www.citeman.com/index.php?p=4530   Physical Distribution Management PDM A customer is served by: 1 identifying an existing or potential need of the customer giving concrete expression and shape to the need through advertising designing the product and pricing it; 2 manufacturing the product; and 3 making the product available to the customer at the right place and time by a proper arrangement of the movements and local storages of the product. Physical Distribution Management function also called Logistics is concerned with item.   Article On CiteMan.com Linear ProgrammingHYPERLINK http://www.citeman.com/index.php?p=4833   Linear Programming Linear Programming is an Operations Research technique which originated during the early 1950s. Having diverse practical applications this technique has benefited immensely various organizations in their production and other operations. Prof. G B Dantzig is one of the pioneers in formulating the procedure of linear Programming. This technique can be applied in various situations: long range planning production planning warehousing decisions physical distribution marketing and    Article On CiteMan.com Concept behind physical distributionHYPERLINK http://www.citeman.com/index.php?p=10700   Concept behind physical distribution The concept behind physical distribution is the achievement of the optimum lowest system cost consistent with customer service objectives of the firm. If the activities in the physical distribution system are viewed separately without consideration of their interdependence the final cost of distribution may be higher than the lowest possible cost optimum cost and the quality of service may be adversely affected. Additional variables and costs that are interde   Article On CiteMan.com What is physical distribution in marketing? Physical distribution is the set of activities concerned with efficient movement of finished goods from the end of the production operation to the consumer. Physical distribution takes place within numerous wholesaling and retailing distribution channels, and includes such important decision areas as customer service, inventory control, materials handling, protective packaging, order procession, transportation, warehouse site selection, and warehousing. Physical distribution is part of a larger process called distribution, which includes wholesale and retail marketing, as well the physical movement of products. Read more:  http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_physical_distribution_in_marketing#ixzz258KzBFH3 What is the Physical Distribution of Market? Physical Distribution focuses on an efficient movement of manufacturer to intermediaries and the consumer .channel and physical distribution decisions are interrelated but channel decisions tend to be made earlier. The aim is to provide intermediaries and customers with the right products, in the rights quantities, in the right locations, t the right time. Effectives physical distribution save the cost and improve customer service  Ã‚   levels. Cost saving can be achieved by   reducing inventory levels , using cheaper   forms   of transport and shipping   in bluk.Customer service levels   can be improved by   fast and reliable delivery  Ã‚   ,holding high inventory so that a customer have  Ã‚   a wide choice   and the chance of   stock out   are   reduced , fast order processing   and   ensuring   product arrive   in the quantities and   quality .Physical distribution   management   concern   the balance between   cost reduction and   mee ting customer service requirement . Trade offs are often necessary, for instance, low inventory and slow, cheaper transportation method reduce the cost   but lower customer   services levels   and   satisfaction   as well .   Determining this balance is a key marketing decision as physical distribution can be a   source   of  Ã‚   competitive advantage .   Distribution (business) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Marketing Key concepts Product marketing Pricing Distribution Service Retail Brand management Account-based marketing Ethics Effectiveness Research Segmentation Strategy Activation Management Dominance Marketing operations Promotional contents Advertising Branding Underwriting spot Direct marketing Personal sales Product placement Publicity Sales promotion Sex in advertising Loyalty marketing Mobile marketing Premiums Prizes Promotional media Printing Publication Broadcasting Out-of-home advertising Internet Point of sale Merchandise Digital marketing In-game advertising Product demonstration Word-of-mouth Brand ambassador Drip marketing Visual merchandising v t e Wikibooks has a book on the topic of:  Marketing Distribution channel redirects here. So does Channel (marketing). Product distribution  (or  place) is one of the four elements of the  marketing mix. Distribution is the process of making a product or service available for use or consumption by a consumer or business user, using direct means, or using indirect means with  intermediaries. The other three parts of the  marketing mix  are  product,  pricing, and  promotion. Distribution is one of the classic 4 Ps of marketing (product, promotion, price, place a.k.a. distribution). Its a key element in your entire marketing strategy it helps you expand your reach and grow revenue. B2B and B2C companies can sell through a single channel or through multiple channels that may include: Wholesaler/Distributor Direct/Internet Direct/Catalog Direct/Sales Team Value-Added Reseller (VAR) Consultant Dealer Retail Sales Agent/Manufacturers Rep Contents   Ã‚  [hide]   1HYPERLINK #Channels_and_Intermediaries  HYPERLINK #Channels_and_IntermediariesChannels and Intermediaries 2HYPERLINK #Channel_Design  HYPERLINK #Channel_DesignChannel Design 3HYPERLINK #Distribution_Types  HYPERLINK #Distribution_TypesDistribution Types 4HYPERLINK #Channel_Mix  HYPERLINK #Channel_MixChannel Mix 5HYPERLINK #Managing_Channels  HYPERLINK #Managing_ChannelsManaging Channels 5.1HYPERLINK #Channel_Motivation  HYPERLINK #Channel_MotivationChannel Motivation 5.2HYPERLINK #Channel_Conflict  HYPERLINK #Channel_ConflictChannel Conflict 6HYPERLINK #See_also  HYPERLINK #See_alsoSee also 7HYPERLINK #References  HYPERLINK #ReferencesReferences 8HYPERLINK #Lin

Organizational Learning Essay -- Business Management

Introduction The business environment today is no longer just corporate but global. Businesses both local and multinational are being forced (by globalization and changes in technologies) to broaden their learning agenda to address the full range of challenges to meet and exceed the expectations for a sustainable global village. Learning is garnering new or modifying existing knowledge, skills, behaviours or values and it is more of a process because it is contextual and builds upon and is shaped by what we already know. Learning as a process involves the change in organizational behaviour as a result of new knowledge or experience. Peter Sange (1994) described organizational learning as being focused on the practice of five principles which will not only create a desired future for the organization, but give it the edge it needs to survive it today’s fast growing and highly competitive work environment. These five principles are mentioned below: 1. Systems thinking: organizations should endeavor to view the business environment as a ‘whole system’ which has parts and focus on building relationships with these parts to promote concord with the system rather than working against it. This helps the organization create long-term solutions to challenges. 2. Team learning: organizations should encourage team leaning to enhance the feeling of synergy and productiveness. Team learning impacts positively on individuals as their knowledge bases are broadened and a certain bond is built which creates a more conducive work environment through mutual respect. This is geared towards achieving organizational objectives, collectively. 3. Shared vision: there is a need for every part of a system to understand the reason for its existence. O... ...anizational learning and knowledge. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Smith, M. K. (2003) 'Learning theory', the encyclopedia of informal education, [online] Available from www.infed.org/biblio/b-learn.htm, accessed 6th April 2012 Atherton J S (2011) Learning and Teaching; what is learning? [Online] available from http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/whatlearn.htm, accessed 6th April 2012 Senge, P. et al. (1994) The Fifth Discipline Field book: strategies and tools for building a learning organization [online] available from: http://www.solonline.org/organizational_overview, accessed 7th April 2012 Child, J. Organisation: Contemporary Principles and Practice (2005), Blackwell Publishing Website http://systems-thinkers.org/index.php/resources/resource/reviews/the_fifth_discipline_fieldbook_strategies_and_tools_for_building_a_learning .